Shen Kua Essays - Technical Writers, Ethnographers, Free Essays

Shen Kua Essays - Technical Writers, Ethnographers, Free Essays Shen Kua Astronomy 201 Astronomer, Shen Kua Shen Kua was born in China in the year 1026. Shen Kua was born to Shen Chou and his wife Hsa. His family had an unbroken tradition of being civil servants. Thus his father was a local administrator of many posts from Szechwan in the west to the international port of Amoy. At Sixteen years old Shen Kua left his home to travel with his father from post to post. While traveling with his father, Shen Kua learned the responsibilities of a local administrator. These responsibilities include a broad range of technical and managerial problems in public works, finance, improvement of agriculture, and maintenance of waterways. In 1051 his father died and after a two year mourning period Shen Kua received his first appointment as a local administrator at the age of twenty two. Soon after his appointment he showed his skill in ability to plan by designing and overseeing a drainage and embankment system that reclaimed some hundred thousand acres of swampland for agriculture. A few years later he passed the national examinations and was assigned a post in Yangchow. While in Yangchow he impressed the Governor Chang Ch'u so much that he recommended that Shen be appointed to the department of Financial Administration. It was about this time that he began to study astronomy. His first works as an astronomer came when he set down clear explanations concerning the sphericity of the sun and the moon as proved by lunar phases, of eclipse limits and the retrogradation of the lunar nodes. These explanations gave the ability to visualize motions in space Which in the past was only best implicit in numerical procedures of traditional astronomy and seldomly discussed in technical writing. Because of this work Shen was given an additional appointed as director of the Astronomical Bureau. His first project as director was a major calendar reform. This reform started with a series of daily observations of the stars that lasted over five years. While these observations where being performed Shen realized the need for a major redesign of major astronomical instruments. The most significant change that Shen made was to the gnomon. The gnomon was still being used to measure the noon shadow and fix the solstices. Shen redesigned the armillary sphere that is used to make angular measurements, and the clepsydra which determines the time that observations are made. He improved the armillary sphere by improving the diameter of the naked eye sighting tube. Shen noticed that the polestar could no longer be seen in the sighting tube at night. He slowly widened the tube by using the plots of the polestar three times a night for three months to adjust the aim. His new calibration revealed that the tube was slightly three degrees off. The clepsydra also had calibration problems as well, in the past day and night were separately divided by hours. Shen realized that day and night hours were different from season to season. The time was read from float rods in an overflow-tank. Shen saw these problems and proposed a new design for these float tanks. Shen also made his mark in his discussions of solar, lunar, and eclipse phenomena. This by far was the most extraordinary of his cosmological hypothesis that accounts for variations in planetary motions that include retrogradation. Shen noted that the greatest planetary anamoloy happened near stationary points. He proposed a model that suggested that the planet moved in the shape of a willow leaf attached to one side of a periphery circle. The way the planets changed thier direction of motion in respect to the stars was explained by the travel from one point of the leaf to the other. This served the same purpose as the epicycle served in Europe Shen's writings were in part considered to be the highest achievement in traditional Chinese mathematical astronomy. After his impeachment from office at the age of fifty-one Shen moved to a small piece of land in the country. It was there that Shen completed three books and an atlas of China. One of these books was called Brush Talks From The Dream Brook. This book includes some of Shen Kua's most elaborate ideas on such things

How to Make Any Small Space Productive for Studying

How to Make Any Small Space Productive for Studying Do you have a special homework space? Do you sit at a desk to do your math problems, or do you balance your book on your knee as you prop yourself up in bed? Many students live in apartments or small houses that make it tough to carve a special place just for homework. For those students who have to lie on the floor or on a bed to read and write papers, homework can be a real challenge. However, the following strategies can help make your workspace more productive- wherever it might be. Turn your kitchen table into a desk. Put your studying supplies into a bag or basket and head to the kitchen table. The kitchen table is often ideal because it offers enough room to spread out. Small supply organizers, like a writing utensil stand or an accordion folder, will enable you to get the most out of the space. Wear noise-blocking headphones. If youre working on your homework in a busy environment, youre sure to face some potential distractions. Noise blocking headphones wont make the space any larger, but they will help you zone out and concentrate exclusively on the material in front of you. Snag a beanbag. If youre used to studying on the floor, consider getting a beanbag chair. Beanbags are incredibly multi-functional: they can serve as a chair, a recliner, or a table. If you get tired of reading in one position, just roll over and adjust your beanbag into a new position. Utilize a glass-topped table. If you have a glass topped coffee table in your home, you may be able to double-up the size of your workspace. Spread the books and papers youre currently using on top of the table, then spread the rest underneath the table. This way, youll know where all of your materials are at all times –Â  no more digging through giant stacks of books. Use pillows for posture. If you read on the floor, don’t place your book on the floor and bend down to read. This position will cause strain on your back and neck muscles. Instead, pile some pillows on the floor and get into a comfortable lying position. Youll be able to read for much longer, and youll be far more comfortable while doing so. Try working outdoors. Students rarely think of the outdoors when assessing potential study spaces, but its often a great option. If you have a patio, balcony, or other shared outdoor space, consider turning it into a study area. Outdoor tables make great desks, and nature is often far less distracting than indoor spaces. Keep it organized. No matter where you end up working, be sure to keep it organized. After each study session, spend 3-5 minutes cleaning up the area: pick up stacks of papers, put books back on the bookshelf, and pack up your backpack for the next day. Next time you return to your study space, it will be neat, clean, and welcoming.