ob Characteristic Model and Internal Motivation

ob Characteristic Model and Internal Motivation The Job Characteristics Model (JCM) is an approach to job redesign that seeks to formulate jobs in ways that motivate workers and lead to positive work outcome (Williams McWilliams, 2010). Job characteristics model helps the employee on enriched their jobs by using the five core job characteristics that include skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback, followed by three critical psychological states, which are meaningful work, responsibility work, and knowledge about the performance. These five core job characteristics and three critical psychological states will lead to create jobs that result in effective work and positive personal outcomes. The purpose of the essay is to explain the main concern of job characteristics model and to identify the five core jobs characteristics in Sunway College lecturers work practices. DISCUSSION The main concern of the JCM is internal motivation. Internal motivation is motivation that comes from itself rather than from outside rewards (Williams McWilliams, 2010). The more effort given by the employee, the more motivated they will be. The JCM give the relationship between three classes of variables: critical psychological states (CPSs), core job dimensions (CJDs), and affective outcomes (AOs). Working with internal motivation occurs when the employee realized that there was a relationship between three critical psychological states and core job dimensions. First, they experience meaningful work because they believe their works are important and worthwhile, by enhanced skill variety, task identity, and task significance. Second, they experience personally responsible for the outcomes of the work, by presence the job autonomy. Third, they learn to know how well they performed their jobs by job feedback. If these critical psychological states are fulfilled with well core job dimensions, the employee will experience well work outcomes with high internal work motivation, high satisfaction, high-quality performance, productivity improvement, effective work, and reduced percentage of employee absence and turnover. Managers can use JCM to motivate the employee, but, how about lecturers? Lecturers work closely related with students. Same as JCM in managers work, lecturers work practice is to motivate students to positive learning outcomes. Both lecturer and students are in a rule using five core job characteristics, which are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. The lecturers are in managerial roles providing tasks, structuring the task, training a group of student, giving evaluate of students performance, and giving reward. The students are in an employee rule learning what lecturers want from the task, taking training, learning lecturers skills, finishing task, receiving reward. Application of job characteristics model to lecturers work practice is attained by increasing five core job characteristics in their course. The first component of core job characteristics is skill variety. Skill variety in lecturers work practice means a various complex skills of lecturers required to complete the course. Lecturers in Sunway College increasing skill variety by giving assignment, so student can increase their skill variety through written assignment referring to internet or book resources, library research, analysing and developing a case or oral presentation of material. Lecturers also asking students to discuss in a group, so that students can discuss in a group with each group member who have different knowledge, abilities, skills, and experiences. With this diversity, a group work can solve problem much better than individual work and can also increase skill variety of each group member. The second component is task identity. Task identity in lecturers work practise means lecturers are responsible to complete their course from beginning to the end. Every lecturer in Sunway College is responsible to manage their time to deliver lesson in a given time. Lecturer learn to separate each chapter of subject in to two or three times of lecture, and giving workshop to provide briefing about assignment, practical for doing assignment using computer, and tutorial class to explain about each chapter of course in more details. For students, this task identity is allowing student to learn and do assignment from beginning to the end. The students do this in various ways, such as answering questions before the tutorial classes, working on both individual and group tasks to share and develop idea, submit assignment on time, make presentations, and may conduct a study research. The third component is task significance. Task significance in lecturers work practice means lecturers give an understanding to students that the knowledge or skill they have learned not only for courses grades but also for their future job. Lecturers in Sunway College give an understanding by using examples, if necessary from his or her life experiences that the subjects are given can be applied in a family environment, social environment or working environment. Lecturer also gives students a case about nowadays family, organisation, or social problem, and asks students to apply the material that given to solve that problem. So, students realize that the material can help them not only in class, but also outside the class. The fourth component is autonomy. Autonomy in lecturers work practice means lecturers have an opportunity to do their work with their own initiative and make their own decision in carrying out the course. For example, lecture in Sunway College has initiative to enhance students autonomy, so he or she makes a decision in giving assignment by asking students to conduct any research they wanted as long as it was still related to the topic that he or she has told. In this situation, the students do the research without any guidelines. They select what researches they want as long as it remains relate to the topic; do research with observation, interview, or distributed questionnaire, and at the end students must submit assignment on time. The last component is feedback. Feedback in lecturers work practice means how well the lecturers doing their course. Lecturer in Sunway College get feedback from students, they try to understand how students responses about his or her performance. They can also seek information from their head of faculty about all phases of their course, is there any protest from students about his or her teaching method. The students can also get feedback, not only get feedback from lecturer but also get directly feedback. For example, in practical courses, when the program successfully runs, it means students performed well, so get good feedback. CONCLUSION JCM can be used to motivate all employees in all industries, provided that the managers know how to properly apply the five core job characteristics on their employees. Not only managers and the employees but also lecturers and student must realize that they all have a responsible to give the best performance by giving the best in skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Lecturers take managerial role for motivating students to positive learning outcomes, and students take employee role for doing the best to reach positive learning outcomes.

Malls in America

When observing an autocratic atmosphere, one’s mind, body and soul becomes engrossed within their surroundings. Richard Francaviglia highlights this perspective through his article â€Å"The Mall as Disneyland. † H e explains how Walt Disney’s Main Street USA has set the precedent for all malls around America because it incorporates all aspects that entice one to enter this environment. David Guterson maintains a similar perspective in relation to Francaviglia’s article. Guterson further enlightens the reader in his article â€Å"The Mall as Prison† on the negative effects the Mall of America has, compared to Disneyland. The previous articles have provided thorough explanations on the social atmosphere of malls, whereas Lizabeth Cohen’s article â€Å"The Mall as Threat to Democratic Values,† addresses the legal aspects of malls in America. Each article, although not identical in their views, are effective in explaining each aspect a mall in America encompasses by using strong evidence to support each position maintained throughout the articles. Walt Disney played a larger role in American society than just providing entertainment; many developers turn to his park, Main Street USA, for ideas when they are designing modern American shopping malls. Walt Disney purposely designed Main Street USA to create a joyful environment. He carefully designed each of his small towns to a specific feature. One of those towns, Main Street USA, sole purpose was social interaction. Shopping malls are an abstract reincarnation of Disney’s Main Street USA. According to Richard Francaviglia in his article â€Å"The Mall as Disneyland,† Disney’s Main Street does not feature those inevitable services that indicate the other side, or darker sides of life. † He did not have pool halls, bars, or funeral parlors in his town. Disney tried to make fantasy come true. He used magical lighting to brighten up his town at night. By placing abstract images in exact spots he made reality appear joyful. Like malls today, Disney made his town so perfect that people would not want to leave. David Guterson’s narrative about the Mall of America delves into several facets that are embedded throughout the mall both physically and mentally. A vivid description about the mall’s interior design makes the audience feel like they have visited the mall. Guterson describes how people, individually and as a society, are affected psychologically by this pseudo-metropolis. The grandeur of the mall is, without question, second to none. Shoppers are drawn to visit because of all the modern frills contained within. A theme ark, arcade, hundreds of shops, and eateries are the staples of the mall, but the gardens, flowers, and trees define the mall as being â€Å"the best of the best. † The atmosphere created by combining â€Å"Mother Earth† with twentieth century technology creates a certain mystique to the mall and gives the shopper a very comfortable place to spend the day or maybe even days. In â€Å"The Mall as Disneyland† Disney himself does not sh ow any form of dark side of life, he created an abstracted image that it is so tempting to confuse with reality. Main Street USA is not the only instance of a shopping center providing an alternate sense of reality. In David Guterson’s writing â€Å"The Mall as Prison†, malls are compared to prisons. Guterson writes about how every mall can be like a prison, or an entrapment for the mind. There are, as Guterson points out, no windows or clocks or anything else to distract you from your shopping. Therefore you are consumed in the atmosphere which was built for the sole purpose of spending money and not thinking of reality. In Lizabeth Cohen’s article she states the legal actions malls have to endure when confronted with situations of free speech and social class. Diverse social groups are no longer integrated into central consumer marketplaces but rather are confined to differentiated retail institutions, segmented markets, and new hierarchies. In â€Å"The Mall as Disneyland† and â€Å"The Mall as A Prison† you are not limited to public shopping malls, according to your social status. Everyone is treated equally. Their main goal is to consume you into their world, the owners of the malls have used business strategies to keep their public focused on one thing; buying. By keeping you engaged with majestic structures and great distractions of light shows, movie theatres, roller coaster and much more.

10 Facts About Albertosaurus

Obesity A Common Disorder Essay - 982 Words

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It can occur at any age, even in young children and in order to prevent being obese we must take better care of our bodies and health. Americans have been suffering from obesity from many years and there are many contributing factors linked to obesity. As I previously mentioned, obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. As you age, hormonal changes and a less active lifestyle increase your risk of obesity. Genetics play a role in how efficiently your body converts food into energy and how your body burns calories during exercise. If obesity runs in your family your risk of being obeseShow MoreRelated Medical Causes of Obesity Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesand are extremely lazy. As it turns out, this depiction of obese people is wrong, and there is more involved in obesity than you think. There are a hundred causes as to why a person is obese, but thanks to society and the media we only think of the one reason. In fact, some of the common causes of obesity are diseases. 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Slavery Of Americ Past And Present - 1441 Words

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Elite Essay Free Essays

It is now that our political leaders and decisions have made up for what they were accounted for and have provided the back-bone of America today. Our government is what establishes America’s decisions. Although some consequences can be made from what their previous aspects were, and how some of the decisions have made distrust in the government from Americans, it is only with said that, â€Å"Their failure to act, their failure to make decisions, is itself an act that is often of greater consent ounces than the decisions they do make. We will write a custom essay sample on Elite Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s not necessarily the cause and effect of their decisions, but the act f speaking for America and doing something about the complications that arises within our world and our country to do the best they can to provide security and freedom even though there are limitations to freedom for security. Mills has stated, â€Å"The assumption that the security of the nation supposedly rests upon great secrecy of plan and intent. Along with the statement, â€Å"With the wide secrecy covering their operations and decisions, the power elite can mask their intentions, operations, and further consolidation. † I believe Mills is pointing out the directive of our national security being in the hands of the political officials because the government is the elite officials of America and has the authority to reach beyond the limits of other powers. Some may say the military is the elite of America because of the power and figure they portray. One may believe that the military is the most elite because they have more representatives, leaders and followers than those of our political leaders. One may obtain the fact that the military protects and has the secrecy of the united States in withstanding war power, but this is not accurate concerning the fact that the government has authority over the litany’s actions. Mills has stated, â€Å"The military order, once a slim establishment in a context of distrust fed by State militia, has become the largest and most expensive feature of government.. Thus proving my element for elite power containing that the military is not established without the governments control and authority to make decisions for the military. One may believe that corporate has the most elite power over all, but corporations only have financial power not power over the decisions that are made within our country financially. Our political establishments indeed are ended by corporate, but they cannot m ake the decisions nor have the authority to do what the government can. The government tells corporate where to spend their money and what they can spend it on. â€Å"The decisions of a handful of corporations bear upon military and political as well as upon economic developments around the world. † Mills has stated which is proof along with my statement on economic decisions going through the government before corporate is able to take action on what they are deciding to do. In conclusion political officials are the most elite of the United States today. My opinion is not disregarding the other elite powers Mills has claimed above, but only withstanding that political power is the most elite out of the two other objectives. Nothing can go forward without the government’s approval and action to speak for Our country. Military is just a figure of power for the people to obtain a sense of hope and security for our country along with corporate financial aid to help establish what needs to be conquered within our society and to help what decisions the government makes. â€Å"Everyone knows somebody has got to run the show, and that somebody usually does. † (C. Wright Mills) How to cite Elite Essay, Essays

The Proposed Research

Question: Explain Outlining the selected approach for the proposed research. Answer: It is evident that there is a broader set of research techniques that can be applied to the proposed research to gain a suitable outcome. As mentioned by Miller et al. (2012), the majority of the success of research depends on the selection of research methodology. There have been cases where the authors have planned the research but failed to select and implement necessary research approach, philosophy, and design. They end up gaining unexpected outcome from the research. Before delving into the effectiveness of research approaches, it is necessary for the researchers to understand the types of research that are usually performed for a particular purpose. The basic types of research are such as descriptive vs. analytical and qualitative vs. quantitative, applied vs. fundamental and conceptual vs. empirical Research philosophy As mentioned by Anderson and Shattuck (2012), research is considered as the belief regarding the way in which information about a particular phenomenon can be collected, analyzed and utilized. There are different types of research philosophies such as post-positivism, positivism, interpretivism, and realism. While delving into positivism research philosophy, it is observed that positivists assume that reality is in the state of stability, and it can be observed as well as described from a particular viewpoint. In addition, the positivist contends that research phenomenon could be isolated as well as observation needs to be repeatable. This may frequently involve manipulation of reality with differences in a single independent variable of the topic to identify the regularities. However, there have been some debates made on the effectiveness of positivism research philosophy regarding whether or not the positivist paradigm is effective for the social science (Tavender et al. 2014). On the contrary, it is observed that interpretivists tend to contend that with the help of subjective interpretation the reality can be understood. As mentioned by Denzin (2012), the research of phenomenon in their natural environment is fundamental to interpretivism research philosophy. Justification of choosing the selected the research philosophy There have been many cases where the authors get into the trouble of choosing the appropriate research philosophy for their respective research. Thus, for the proposed research, positivism research philosophy is chosen to be executed. According to the philosophy of positivism research philosophy, the positivists do not form a conclusion from the subjective approach. In addition, positivists rely on quantitative data that positivists assume is more significant and reliable than qualitative research. In this context, Emmel (2015) added that quantitative research is more scientific than the qualitative research. Moreover, it is also observed that quantitative data could provide objective information that authors could utilize to make scientific assumptions. In addition, by implementing positivism research philosophy, the researcher could gain structural advantages. This means the positivists believe that tend to follow and implement a well-defined structure at the time of going through the studies and making discussion. As there are multiple types of laws and principles, there is little scope for errors or flaws in the research. On the contrary, interpretivism research is not adequate for the proposed research as it is difficult to identify the exact social phenomenon. As stated by Creswell (2013), anything can be claimed without any rationale of data. The scientific approaches cannot be applied in interpretivism research philosophy. Strength and weakness of positivism research philosophy Strength Generalization: The theory involved in positivism research philosophy is easy to generalize at a large degree, based on which data for the separate issues can be collected through social context. As mentioned by Mertens (2014), the researchers find it easy to generalize research outcomes after the replication on the different population as well as a subpopulation. In addition, by implementing positivism research philosophy, the researcher could gain structural advantages. This means the positivists believe that tend to follow and implement a well-defined structure at the time of going through the studies and making discussion. As there are multiple types of laws and principles, there is little scope for errors or flaws in the research. Future assumptions can be formed with the help of quantitative research approach. As put forward by, the positive philosophy is effective for acquiring data that permits quantitative prediction, which is supposed to be made. Weakness The objectivity is not suitable in social phenomenon with experiments and human behaviour Difficult to separate individuals from the hypothesis made Ineffective and inaccuracy in scientific data may alter the end results of the hypothesis Research approaches Research approach can be divided into two different categories namely deductive as well as inductive. As mentioned by Khan (2014), the significance of the hypothesis to the research is the major distinctive point between these two approaches. It is observed that deductive approaches help to experiment the weight of assumptions. On the other side, the inductive approach helps to form new theories as well as a generalization. In addition, there have been certain differences between deductive and inductive research approach. For instance, it is observed that principles of deductive approaches are formed based on science, whereas the meaning of human involvement to events is determined to be explored. Further, as stated by Emmel (2015), generality is considered as the principle of positivism, which works out the hypothesis particularly from deductive to inductive. Justification of choosing the selected the research approach For the proposed research, the deductive research approach is chosen to be executed as the set of the hypothesis has been formed for the research. As the hypothesis of the research has been formulated, there have been certain phases that should be implemented in the research. By implementing deductive research approach for the current study, the researcher could build the theory and hypothesis and after that, the observation can be made. Based on the observation, the last stage can be finalized which is confirmation or rejection of hypothesis. On the contrary, inductive approach is not chosen for the proposed research, as it does not include the formulation of hypothesis. One of the primary reasons behind not choosing the inductive research is the lack of guarantee to its conclusion. The approach does not confirm the observation for information gathering. Reference list: Anderson, T. and Shattuck, J., 2012. Design-based research a decade of progress in education research?.Educational researcher,41(1), pp.16-25. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Denzin, N.K., 2012. Triangulation 2.0.Journal of Mixed Methods Research,6(2), pp.80-88. Emmel, N., 2015. Themes, variables, and the limits to calculating sample size in qualitative research: a response to Fugard and Potts.International Journal of Social Research Methodology,18(6), pp.685-686. Khan, S.N., 2014. Qualitative research method: Grounded theory.International Journal of Business and Management,9(11), p.224. Mertens, D.M., 2014.Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. Sage Publications. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M. and Jessop, J. eds., 2012.Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Tavender, E.J., Bosch, M., Gruen, R.L., Green, S.E., Knott, J., Francis, J.J., Michie, S. and OConnor, D.A., 2014. Understanding practice: the factors that influence management of mild traumatic brain injury in the emergency department-a qualitative study using the Theoretical Domains Framework.Implementation Science,9(1), p.8.